Abstract

This paper aims to Cellular and molecular pathophysiology of  Diabetes Mellitus and discusses potential treatments where. A cross-sectional study in Iraq was conducted with the objective of elucidating the cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and the therapeutic modalities employed in its treatment. The study involved 84 patients, 44 males and 40 females, aged 20-40, and collected primary information such as height, weight, body mass index, family history, and laboratory biochemical parameters. The study adhered to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and employed glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to diagnose diabetes, with the study period spanning from February 1st, 2023, to March 1st, 2023. A primary healthcare center in Iraqi hospitals provided diabetes care to patients. The pathology of this illness involves a gradual breakdown in the functional capacity of the cells located within the pancreas that produce insulin whenever there is high sugar levels. The death of these cells due to high sugar conditions is quite familiar among many forms of diabetics; understanding how this happens will go a long way into creating new and helpful treatment ways that can be used to avoid injuries arising from them on one end or make them reconstitute to those who have ended up losing several of these due to diabetes mellitus (DM) phase Furthermore, environmental toxins, including organic pesticides and heavy metals, have been shown to disrupt glucose homeostasis by affecting the expression of the insulin glucosidase gene where Molecular changes influencing glycaemia extent and cellular function are affected by modifiable lifestyle factors, including body mass, physical activity and diet. These factors may, therefore, be considered as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, where Diabetes has become one of the biggest health problems on a global scale because much of the mortality and morbidity is caused by a multifactorial disease in addition to genetic predisposition, such as sedentary lifestyles, where high glucose concentrations over long periods of time lead to metabolic changes. A task that leads to general changes in the body that accompany long-term aging in other organs to get rid of certain complications such as retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy. And in the same way, diabetics suffer from an increase in the promotion of atherosclerosis, activation of peripheral arteries and cerebral vessels, and all elements, which creates a deleterious effect on the quality of life of the person suffering from it. In addition, obesity and insulin resistance, when combined with genetic and environmental factors, result in a complex disease condition with numerous contributing factors, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation