Abstract

This paper offered a comprehensive examination of nanoparticles, categorizing them by composition and discussing synthesis methods, morphological characteristics, and applications across sectors. Carbon-based, ceramic, polymeric, and metallic nanoparticles were explored, with a focus on silver oxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, and gold nanoparticles. Synthesis techniques and resulting morphologies were detailed, highlighting the influence of morphology on properties like optical and catalytic behavior. The paper underscored the significance of nanoparticles in fields such as healthcare, catalysis, and photonics, emphasizing their versatility and potential for innovation. Pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, environmental protection, and other sectors all heavily depend on nanoparticles (NPs). To characterize NPs concerning size, order, and surface properties, methods such as SEM, XRD, and FTIR are crucial. Such uses as medication delivery, antibacterial therapies, and energy solutions present enormous promise for these NPs. The regulation of synthesis, the effect on the environment, and large-scale production still present difficulties, notwithstanding their potential.