Sarcouncil Journal of Multidisciplinary

Abstract: Health data governance has become a critical component of modern healthcare systems due to increasing digitization, large-scale data sharing, and the growing importance of data-driven research and innovation. This review identifies key governance models and examines their implications for U.S. health information policy and system design. Using the Boolean function, keywords were used to search for and source articles, which were later screened. A total of eleven articles were finally obtained and synthesized for this study. The literature shows that normative governance frameworks across countries share common principles such as protection of individual rights, transparency, accountability, and public interest. However, fragmentation exists in terminology, enforcement mechanisms, and lifecycle coverage, particularly in the governance of secondary data reuse. Organizational governance studies highlight the importance of institutional structures, including clearly defined roles, governance committees, stewardship responsibilities, and standardized procedures. Evidence also shows that governance effectiveness depends on infrastructure, workforce training, and sustainable institutional capacity. Technical governance architectures introduce new approaches that embed governance rules directly into digital infrastructures. Blockchain-based systems strengthen security, transparency, and auditability through decentralized ledgers and smart contracts, while federated learning enables privacy-preserving data analysis by keeping sensitive patient data at local sources. Operational and design governance further translate governance principles into daily practice through privacy- and security-by-design, structured data quality management, and formal consent and access control mechanisms. The findings suggest that strengthening lifecycle governance, institutional capacity, system design, and workforce training can support more secure, interoperable, and trustworthy health information systems.