Pathological & Physical effects of Steroidal Hormones on Consumers Poultry

Abstract

The steroidal hormones have overall both good and negative impacts on the chickens as well as on the consumers. The steroidal hormones discussed under the article includes Vitamin D3, Boldenone, 17 beta-Estradiol, corticosterone, Testosterone, Corticotrophin, Vitamin E and Corticosterone. The vitamin D3 helps in mediating the immune response in broiler chickens. It was also seen to combat diseases in chickens by the help of b-defensin gene which was mainly increased by the VD3. IGF1 mRNA expression also upregulated in the group subjected to Vit D3. The tibia length was also seen to be longer in chickens treated with VD3. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25 (OH) D3) is a metabolite of VD3 and it proved to be more useful than the VD3. By the use of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25 (OH) D3), there is betterment in the hatchability of the eggs. It also improves pectoral muscle development. The next hormone is boldenone. Boldenone increases red blood cell production in the chickens. But on the other hand, it decreased leukocyte count when it was given to the chickens. It also increases agranulocytosis process which characterizes the inflammation. Liver and kidney was seen to be inflamed by its administration in the chickens. The increased value of ALT, ALP and AST in chickens administered with boldenone shows clear sign of liver damage. It also didn’t prove beneficial for the kidneys because it increases the creatinine values which is a waste and it directly affects the kidneys. High dose of genistein, when given to chicks either by intraperitoneal injections or food supplements, shows reduced growth. Serum levels of albumin was also decreased. It also reduces villus height but cause increased abundance of pathogenic bacteria in ilium. Therefore, it effects hypothalamic RNA profile. Further, it also has influence on apoptosis, the immune process and synthesis of steroid hormones in the hypothalamus. The effects of 17B-estradiol are worse, cause’s hepatocellular carcinoma and also effect lactating mother. It is given orally or in the form of I/M infusion. By using this hormone for enhancement purpose, it may lead to deposit of residues which, if ignored, causes serious threats to human. I/M infusion of this hormone causes highest concentration in kidneys followed by liver then muscles but can be reduced by oral organization. Parenteral injections of testosterone decrease the hatchability proportion when given to chickens. Testosterone is also responsible for increasing chicken weight. Due to testosterone there is also an increase in length of chicken. There is also an increase in plasma protein level, calcium and phosphorus and if they increased drastically, it may lead to death. Testosterone helps in regulation of ALP concentration. We can see a decrease in level of cholesterol as well. Ovulation rate, Eggshell weight, and eggshell density were extensively greater in those chicken in which testosterone is injected. Corticosterone has also produced effects on broiler performance, immune function, plasma biochemistry, related gene expressions and cell death morphology. When treated with corticosterone we saw a decrease in thyroid hormone and increase in metabolism, physique, body temperature and heart rate. The relative weights of thymus, bursa and spleen is lowered by means of the CORT therapy with low counts of Total white blood cells and decreased stimulation of T and B lymphocytes. This indicates an immunosuppressive role of corticosterone. There is a decrease in growth performance and increase in liver weight when corticosterone therapy is given