Sarcouncil Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences

Abstract: Multi-protocol controllers handling SPI, I2C, UART, and CAN interfaces need validation methods that assess hardware register-transfer logic together with software drivers and firmware at the same time. Contemporary system-on-chip designs frequently incorporate these controllers to minimize chip area while preserving communication flexibility. Verification complexity arises because multiple protocols share registers and buffers yet maintain distinct timing and signaling requirements. Co-simulation techniques enable engineers to replicate production environments during pre-silicon validation by combining hardware models with software execution contexts. Traditional isolated testing often misses register configuration errors, protocol sequence violations, and interface mismatches that co-verification readily exposes. Testbench frameworks execute realistic transaction sequences while monitoring protocol specification adherence and verifying correct handshaking between hardware state machines and software control paths. Engineers identify edge cases, error conditions, and concurrent protocol scenarios before fabrication, building confidence in controller reliability. The integrated testing process establishes functional alignment between silicon designs and driver implementations, reducing downstream integration failures. Pre-silicon validation through combined hardware-software assessment helps teams detect timing issues and interface incompatibilities early. Controllers verified through these comprehensive methods demonstrate proven reliability across operational configurations, meeting functional requirements for diverse deployment scenarios.