Sarcouncil Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences

Abstract: The semiconductor industry is vital to modern technology and national security but faces challenges like geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, and manufacturing complexity. This paper reviews the state of domestic semiconductor manufacturing, emphasizing the need for innovation and strategic investments to ensure resilience. We explore the evolution of semiconductor technologies, from early planar processes to advanced nanofabrication and lithography, and discuss the national importance of semiconductors in critical infrastructure and security. The paper also examines novel processing technologies, such as Gate-All-Around (GAA) MOSFETs and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), and emerging materials like wide-bandgap semiconductors and 2D materials, which promise to overcome silicon's limitations. Advanced quality control methods, including AI-driven defect detection, are highlighted as essential for improving manufacturing reliability. By addressing these areas, this paper provides a roadmap for advancing domestic semiconductor manufacturing and maintaining global leadership.