Sarcouncil Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences

Abstract: Artificial intelligence systems increasingly influence critical decisions across healthcare, finance, and judicial domains, yet their complex architectures often operate as opaque black boxes. This creates significant barriers to user acceptance and regulatory compliance in high-stakes applications where understanding decision rationale proves essential. Explainable AI emerges as a fundamental requirement for building trustworthy systems that balance predictive performance with interpretability. Various techniques address interpretability challenges, including model-agnostic methods like LIME and SHAP, intrinsically interpretable architectures, and post-hoc explanation frameworks. However, significant technical challenges persist, including the accuracy-interpretability trade-off, computational overhead, and ensuring explanation fidelity. Human factors play crucial roles in determining explanation effectiveness, with user cognitive limitations and domain expertise influencing trust calibration. Successful implementation requires addressing both technical capabilities and human-centered design principles. The regulatory landscape increasingly demands algorithmic accountability, making explainability not merely beneficial but mandatory for many applications. Transparent AI systems demonstrate potential for enhanced user adoption, improved decision quality, and ethical compliance. Future developments must prioritize standardized evaluation metrics, scalable explanation methods, and domain-specific interpretability frameworks to realize the full potential of trustworthy artificial intelligence in society.